github/doc/pcre2syntax.3

.TH PCRE2SYNTAX 3 "12 October 2023" "PCRE2 10.43"
.SH NAME
PCRE2 - Perl-compatible regular expressions (revised API)
.SH "PCRE2 REGULAR EXPRESSION SYNTAX SUMMARY"
.rs
.sp
The full syntax and semantics of the regular expressions that are supported by
PCRE2 are described in the
.\" HREF
\fBpcre2pattern\fP
.\"
documentation. This document contains a quick-reference summary of the syntax.
.
.
.SH "QUOTING"
.rs
.sp
  \ex         where x is non-alphanumeric is a literal x
  \eQ...\eE    treat enclosed characters as literal
.sp
Note that white space inside \eQ...\eE is always treated as literal, even if
PCRE2_EXTENDED is set, causing most other white space to be ignored.
.
.
.SH "BRACED ITEMS"
.rs
.sp
With one exception, wherever brace characters { and } are required to enclose
data for constructions such as \eg{2} or \ek{name}, space and/or horizontal tab
characters that follow { or precede } are allowed and are ignored. In the case
of quantifiers, they may also appear before or after the comma. The exception
is \eu{...} which is not Perl-compatible and is recognized only when
PCRE2_EXTRA_ALT_BSUX is set. This is an ECMAScript compatibility feature, and
follows ECMAScript's behaviour.
.
.
.SH "ESCAPED CHARACTERS"
.rs
.sp
This table applies to ASCII and Unicode environments. An unrecognized escape
sequence causes an error.
.sp
  \ea         alarm, that is, the BEL character (hex 07)
  \ecx        "control-x", where x is a non-control ASCII character
  \ee         escape (hex 1B)
  \ef         form feed (hex 0C)
  \en         newline (hex 0A)
  \er         carriage return (hex 0D)
  \et         tab (hex 09)
  \e0dd       character with octal code 0dd
  \eddd       character with octal code ddd, or backreference
  \eo{ddd..}  character with octal code ddd..
  \eN{U+hh..} character with Unicode code point hh.. (Unicode mode only)
  \exhh       character with hex code hh
  \ex{hh..}   character with hex code hh..
.sp
If PCRE2_ALT_BSUX or PCRE2_EXTRA_ALT_BSUX is set ("ALT_BSUX mode"), the
following are also recognized:
.sp
  \eU         the character "U"
  \euhhhh     character with hex code hhhh
  \eu{hh..}   character with hex code hh.. but only for EXTRA_ALT_BSUX
.sp
When \ex is not followed by {, from zero to two hexadecimal digits are read,
but in ALT_BSUX mode \ex must be followed by two hexadecimal digits to be
recognized as a hexadecimal escape; otherwise it matches a literal "x".
Likewise, if \eu (in ALT_BSUX mode) is not followed by four hexadecimal digits
or (in EXTRA_ALT_BSUX mode) a sequence of hex digits in curly brackets, it
matches a literal "u".
.P
Note that \e0dd is always an octal code. The treatment of backslash followed by
a non-zero digit is complicated; for details see the section
.\" HTML <a href="pcre2pattern.html#digitsafterbackslash">
.\" </a>
"Non-printing characters"
.\"
in the
.\" HREF
\fBpcre2pattern\fP
.\"
documentation, where details of escape processing in EBCDIC environments are
also given. \eN{U+hh..} is synonymous with \ex{hh..} in PCRE2 but is not
supported in EBCDIC environments. Note that \eN not followed by an opening
curly bracket has a different meaning (see below).
.
.
.SH "CHARACTER TYPES"
.rs
.sp
  .          any character except newline;
               in dotall mode, any character whatsoever
  \eC         one code unit, even in UTF mode (best avoided)
  \ed         a decimal digit
  \eD         a character that is not a decimal digit
  \eh         a horizontal white space character
  \eH         a character that is not a horizontal white space character
  \eN         a character that is not a newline
  \ep{\fIxx\fP}     a character with the \fIxx\fP property
  \eP{\fIxx\fP}     a character without the \fIxx\fP property
  \eR         a newline sequence
  \es         a white space character
  \eS         a character that is not a white space character
  \ev         a vertical white space character
  \eV         a character that is not a vertical white space character
  \ew         a "word" character
  \eW         a "non-word" character
  \eX         a Unicode extended grapheme cluster
.sp
\eC is dangerous because it may leave the current matching point in the middle
of a UTF-8 or UTF-16 character. The application can lock out the use of \eC by
setting the PCRE2_NEVER_BACKSLASH_C option. It is also possible to build PCRE2
with the use of \eC permanently disabled.
.P
By default, \ed, \es, and \ew match only ASCII characters, even in UTF-8 mode
or in the 16-bit and 32-bit libraries. However, if locale-specific matching is
happening, \es and \ew may also match characters with code points in the range
128-255. If the PCRE2_UCP option is set, the behaviour of these escape
sequences is changed to use Unicode properties and they match many more
characters, but there are some option settings that can restrict individual
sequences to matching only ASCII characters.
.P
Property descriptions in \ep and \eP are matched caselessly; hyphens,
underscores, and white space are ignored, in accordance with Unicode's "loose
matching" rules.
.
.
.SH "GENERAL CATEGORY PROPERTIES FOR \ep and \eP"
.rs
.sp
  C          Other
  Cc         Control
  Cf         Format
  Cn         Unassigned
  Co         Private use
  Cs         Surrogate
.sp
  L          Letter
  Ll         Lower case letter
  Lm         Modifier letter
  Lo         Other letter
  Lt         Title case letter
  Lu         Upper case letter
  Lc         Ll, Lu, or Lt
  L&         Ll, Lu, or Lt
.sp
  M          Mark
  Mc         Spacing mark
  Me         Enclosing mark
  Mn         Non-spacing mark
.sp
  N          Number
  Nd         Decimal number
  Nl         Letter number
  No         Other number
.sp
  P          Punctuation
  Pc         Connector punctuation
  Pd         Dash punctuation
  Pe         Close punctuation
  Pf         Final punctuation
  Pi         Initial punctuation
  Po         Other punctuation
  Ps         Open punctuation
.sp
  S          Symbol
  Sc         Currency symbol
  Sk         Modifier symbol
  Sm         Mathematical symbol
  So         Other symbol
.sp
  Z          Separator
  Zl         Line separator
  Zp         Paragraph separator
  Zs         Space separator
.
.
.SH "PCRE2 SPECIAL CATEGORY PROPERTIES FOR \ep and \eP"
.rs
.sp
  Xan        Alphanumeric: union of properties L and N
  Xps        POSIX space: property Z or tab, NL, VT, FF, CR
  Xsp        Perl space: property Z or tab, NL, VT, FF, CR
  Xuc        Universally-named character: one that can be
               represented by a Universal Character Name
  Xwd        Perl word: property Xan or underscore
.sp
Perl and POSIX space are now the same. Perl added VT to its space character set
at release 5.18.
.
.
.SH "BINARY PROPERTIES FOR \ep AND \eP"
.rs
.sp
Unicode defines a number of binary properties, that is, properties whose only
values are true or false. You can obtain a list of those that are recognized by
\ep and \eP, along with their abbreviations, by running this command:
.sp
  pcre2test -LP
.
.
.
.SH "SCRIPT MATCHING WITH \ep AND \eP"
.rs
.sp
Many script names and their 4-letter abbreviations are recognized in
\ep{sc:...} or \ep{scx:...} items, or on their own with \ep (and also \eP of
course). You can obtain a list of these scripts by running this command:
.sp
  pcre2test -LS
.
.
.
.SH "THE BIDI_CLASS PROPERTY FOR \ep AND \eP"
.rs
.sp
  \ep{Bidi_Class:<class>}   matches a character with the given class
  \ep{BC:<class>}           matches a character with the given class
.sp
The recognized classes are:
.sp
  AL          Arabic letter
  AN          Arabic number
  B           paragraph separator
  BN          boundary neutral
  CS          common separator
  EN          European number
  ES          European separator
  ET          European terminator
  FSI         first strong isolate
  L           left-to-right
  LRE         left-to-right embedding
  LRI         left-to-right isolate
  LRO         left-to-right override
  NSM         non-spacing mark
  ON          other neutral
  PDF         pop directional format
  PDI         pop directional isolate
  R           right-to-left
  RLE         right-to-left embedding
  RLI         right-to-left isolate
  RLO         right-to-left override
  S           segment separator
  WS          which space
.
.
.SH "CHARACTER CLASSES"
.rs
.sp
  [...]       positive character class
  [^...]      negative character class
  [x-y]       range (can be used for hex characters)
  [[:xxx:]]   positive POSIX named set
  [[:^xxx:]]  negative POSIX named set
.sp
  alnum       alphanumeric
  alpha       alphabetic
  ascii       0-127
  blank       space or tab
  cntrl       control character
  digit       decimal digit
  graph       printing, excluding space
  lower       lower case letter
  print       printing, including space
  punct       printing, excluding alphanumeric
  space       white space
  upper       upper case letter
  word        same as \ew
  xdigit      hexadecimal digit
.sp
In PCRE2, POSIX character set names recognize only ASCII characters by default,
but some of them use Unicode properties if PCRE2_UCP is set. You can use
\eQ...\eE inside a character class.
.
.
.SH "QUANTIFIERS"
.rs
.sp
  ?           0 or 1, greedy
  ?+          0 or 1, possessive
  ??          0 or 1, lazy
  *           0 or more, greedy
  *+          0 or more, possessive
  *?          0 or more, lazy
  +           1 or more, greedy
  ++          1 or more, possessive
  +?          1 or more, lazy
  {n}         exactly n
  {n,m}       at least n, no more than m, greedy
  {n,m}+      at least n, no more than m, possessive
  {n,m}?      at least n, no more than m, lazy
  {n,}        n or more, greedy
  {n,}+       n or more, possessive
  {n,}?       n or more, lazy
  {,m}        zero up to m, greedy
  {,m}+       zero up to m, possessive
  {,m}?       zero up to m, lazy
.
.
.SH "ANCHORS AND SIMPLE ASSERTIONS"
.rs
.sp
  \eb          word boundary
  \eB          not a word boundary
  ^           start of subject
                also after an internal newline in multiline mode
                (after any newline if PCRE2_ALT_CIRCUMFLEX is set)
  \eA          start of subject
  $           end of subject
                also before newline at end of subject
                also before internal newline in multiline mode
  \eZ          end of subject
                also before newline at end of subject
  \ez          end of subject
  \eG          first matching position in subject
.
.
.SH "REPORTED MATCH POINT SETTING"
.rs
.sp
  \eK          set reported start of match
.sp
From release 10.38 \eK is not permitted by default in lookaround assertions,
for compatibility with Perl. However, if the PCRE2_EXTRA_ALLOW_LOOKAROUND_BSK
option is set, the previous behaviour is re-enabled. When this option is set,
\eK is honoured in positive assertions, but ignored in negative ones.
.
.
.SH "ALTERNATION"
.rs
.sp
  expr|expr|expr...
.
.
.SH "CAPTURING"
.rs
.sp
  (...)           capture group
  (?<name>...)    named capture group (Perl)
  (?'name'...)    named capture group (Perl)
  (?P<name>...)   named capture group (Python)
  (?:...)         non-capture group
  (?|...)         non-capture group; reset group numbers for
                   capture groups in each alternative
.sp
In non-UTF modes, names may contain underscores and ASCII letters and digits;
in UTF modes, any Unicode letters and Unicode decimal digits are permitted. In
both cases, a name must not start with a digit.
.
.
.SH "ATOMIC GROUPS"
.rs
.sp
  (?>...)         atomic non-capture group
  (*atomic:...)   atomic non-capture group
.
.
.SH "COMMENT"
.rs
.sp
  (?#....)        comment (not nestable)
.
.
.SH "OPTION SETTING"
.rs
Changes of these options within a group are automatically cancelled at the end
of the group.
.sp
  (?a)            all ASCII options
  (?aD)           restrict \ed to ASCII in UCP mode
  (?aS)           restrict \es to ASCII in UCP mode
  (?aW)           restrict \ew to ASCII in UCP mode
  (?aP)           restrict all POSIX classes to ASCII in UCP mode
  (?aT)           restrict POSIX digit classes to ASCII in UCP mode
  (?i)            caseless
  (?J)            allow duplicate named groups
  (?m)            multiline
  (?n)            no auto capture
  (?r)            restrict caseless to either ASCII or non-ASCII
  (?s)            single line (dotall)
  (?U)            default ungreedy (lazy)
  (?x)            ignore white space except in classes or \eQ...\eE
  (?xx)           as (?x) but also ignore space and tab in classes
  (?-...)         unset the given option(s)
  (?^)            unset imnrsx options
.sp
(?aP) implies (?aT) as well, though this has no additional effect. However, it
means that (?-aP) is really (?-PT) which disables all ASCII restrictions for
POSIX classes.
.P
Unsetting x or xx unsets both. Several options may be set at once, and a
mixture of setting and unsetting such as (?i-x) is allowed, but there may be
only one hyphen. Setting (but no unsetting) is allowed after (?^ for example
(?^in). An option setting may appear at the start of a non-capture group, for
example (?i:...).
.P
The following are recognized only at the very start of a pattern or after one
of the newline or \eR options with similar syntax. More than one of them may
appear. For the first three, d is a decimal number.
.sp
  (*LIMIT_DEPTH=d) set the backtracking limit to d
  (*LIMIT_HEAP=d)  set the heap size limit to d * 1024 bytes
  (*LIMIT_MATCH=d) set the match limit to d
  (*NOTEMPTY)      set PCRE2_NOTEMPTY when matching
  (*NOTEMPTY_ATSTART) set PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART when matching
  (*NO_AUTO_POSSESS) no auto-possessification (PCRE2_NO_AUTO_POSSESS)
  (*NO_DOTSTAR_ANCHOR) no .* anchoring (PCRE2_NO_DOTSTAR_ANCHOR)
  (*NO_JIT)       disable JIT optimization
  (*NO_START_OPT) no start-match optimization (PCRE2_NO_START_OPTIMIZE)
  (*UTF)          set appropriate UTF mode for the library in use
  (*UCP)          set PCRE2_UCP (use Unicode properties for \ed etc)
.sp
Note that LIMIT_DEPTH, LIMIT_HEAP, and LIMIT_MATCH can only reduce the value of
the limits set by the caller of \fBpcre2_match()\fP or \fBpcre2_dfa_match()\fP,
not increase them. LIMIT_RECURSION is an obsolete synonym for LIMIT_DEPTH. The
application can lock out the use of (*UTF) and (*UCP) by setting the
PCRE2_NEVER_UTF or PCRE2_NEVER_UCP options, respectively, at compile time.
.
.
.SH "NEWLINE CONVENTION"
.rs
.sp
These are recognized only at the very start of the pattern or after option
settings with a similar syntax.
.sp
  (*CR)           carriage return only
  (*LF)           linefeed only
  (*CRLF)         carriage return followed by linefeed
  (*ANYCRLF)      all three of the above
  (*ANY)          any Unicode newline sequence
  (*NUL)          the NUL character (binary zero)
.
.
.SH "WHAT \eR MATCHES"
.rs
.sp
These are recognized only at the very start of the pattern or after option
setting with a similar syntax.
.sp
  (*BSR_ANYCRLF)  CR, LF, or CRLF
  (*BSR_UNICODE)  any Unicode newline sequence
.
.
.SH "LOOKAHEAD AND LOOKBEHIND ASSERTIONS"
.rs
.sp
  (?=...)                     )
  (*pla:...)                  ) positive lookahead
  (*positive_lookahead:...)   )
.sp
  (?!...)                     )
  (*nla:...)                  ) negative lookahead
  (*negative_lookahead:...)   )
.sp
  (?<=...)                    )
  (*plb:...)                  ) positive lookbehind
  (*positive_lookbehind:...)  )
.sp
  (?<!...)                    )
  (*nlb:...)                  ) negative lookbehind
  (*negative_lookbehind:...)  )
.sp
Each top-level branch of a lookbehind must have a limit for the number of
characters it matches. If any branch can match a variable number of characters,
the maximum for each branch is limited to a value set by the caller of
\fBpcre2_compile()\fP or defaulted. The default is set when PCRE2 is built
(ultimate default 255). If every branch matches a fixed number of characters,
the limit for each branch is 65535 characters.
.
.
.SH "NON-ATOMIC LOOKAROUND ASSERTIONS"
.rs
.sp
These assertions are specific to PCRE2 and are not Perl-compatible.
.sp
  (?*...)                                )
  (*napla:...)                           ) synonyms
  (*non_atomic_positive_lookahead:...)   )
.sp
  (?<*...)                               )
  (*naplb:...)                           ) synonyms
  (*non_atomic_positive_lookbehind:...)  )
.
.
.SH "SCRIPT RUNS"
.rs
.sp
  (*script_run:...)           ) script run, can be backtracked into
  (*sr:...)                   )
.sp
  (*atomic_script_run:...)    ) atomic script run
  (*asr:...)                  )
.
.
.SH "BACKREFERENCES"
.rs
.sp
  \en              reference by number (can be ambiguous)
  \egn             reference by number
  \eg{n}           reference by number
  \eg+n            relative reference by number (PCRE2 extension)
  \eg-n            relative reference by number
  \eg{+n}          relative reference by number (PCRE2 extension)
  \eg{-n}          relative reference by number
  \ek<name>        reference by name (Perl)
  \ek'name'        reference by name (Perl)
  \eg{name}        reference by name (Perl)
  \ek{name}        reference by name (.NET)
  (?P=name)       reference by name (Python)
.
.
.SH "SUBROUTINE REFERENCES (POSSIBLY RECURSIVE)"
.rs
.sp
  (?R)            recurse whole pattern
  (?n)            call subroutine by absolute number
  (?+n)           call subroutine by relative number
  (?-n)           call subroutine by relative number
  (?&name)        call subroutine by name (Perl)
  (?P>name)       call subroutine by name (Python)
  \eg<name>        call subroutine by name (Oniguruma)
  \eg'name'        call subroutine by name (Oniguruma)
  \eg<n>           call subroutine by absolute number (Oniguruma)
  \eg'n'           call subroutine by absolute number (Oniguruma)
  \eg<+n>          call subroutine by relative number (PCRE2 extension)
  \eg'+n'          call subroutine by relative number (PCRE2 extension)
  \eg<-n>          call subroutine by relative number (PCRE2 extension)
  \eg'-n'          call subroutine by relative number (PCRE2 extension)
.
.
.SH "CONDITIONAL PATTERNS"
.rs
.sp
  (?(condition)yes-pattern)
  (?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)
.sp
  (?(n)               absolute reference condition
  (?(+n)              relative reference condition (PCRE2 extension)
  (?(-n)              relative reference condition (PCRE2 extension)
  (?(<name>)          named reference condition (Perl)
  (?('name')          named reference condition (Perl)
  (?(name)            named reference condition (PCRE2, deprecated)
  (?(R)               overall recursion condition
  (?(Rn)              specific numbered group recursion condition
  (?(R&name)          specific named group recursion condition
  (?(DEFINE)          define groups for reference
  (?(VERSION[>]=n.m)  test PCRE2 version
  (?(assert)          assertion condition
.sp
Note the ambiguity of (?(R) and (?(Rn) which might be named reference
conditions or recursion tests. Such a condition is interpreted as a reference
condition if the relevant named group exists.
.
.
.SH "BACKTRACKING CONTROL"
.rs
.sp
All backtracking control verbs may be in the form (*VERB:NAME). For (*MARK) the
name is mandatory, for the others it is optional. (*SKIP) changes its behaviour
if :NAME is present. The others just set a name for passing back to the caller,
but this is not a name that (*SKIP) can see. The following act immediately they
are reached:
.sp
  (*ACCEPT)       force successful match
  (*FAIL)         force backtrack; synonym (*F)
  (*MARK:NAME)    set name to be passed back; synonym (*:NAME)
.sp
The following act only when a subsequent match failure causes a backtrack to
reach them. They all force a match failure, but they differ in what happens
afterwards. Those that advance the start-of-match point do so only if the
pattern is not anchored.
.sp
  (*COMMIT)       overall failure, no advance of starting point
  (*PRUNE)        advance to next starting character
  (*SKIP)         advance to current matching position
  (*SKIP:NAME)    advance to position corresponding to an earlier
                  (*MARK:NAME); if not found, the (*SKIP) is ignored
  (*THEN)         local failure, backtrack to next alternation
.sp
The effect of one of these verbs in a group called as a subroutine is confined
to the subroutine call.
.
.
.SH "CALLOUTS"
.rs
.sp
  (?C)            callout (assumed number 0)
  (?Cn)           callout with numerical data n
  (?C"text")      callout with string data
.sp
The allowed string delimiters are ` ' " ^ % # $ (which are the same for the
start and the end), and the starting delimiter { matched with the ending
delimiter }. To encode the ending delimiter within the string, double it.
.
.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.rs
.sp
\fBpcre2pattern\fP(3), \fBpcre2api\fP(3), \fBpcre2callout\fP(3),
\fBpcre2matching\fP(3), \fBpcre2\fP(3).
.
.
.SH AUTHOR
.rs
.sp
.nf
Philip Hazel
Retired from University Computing Service
Cambridge, England.
.fi
.
.
.SH REVISION
.rs
.sp
.nf
Last updated: 12 October 2023
Copyright (c) 1997-2023 University of Cambridge.
.fi